shell脚本编程入门教程(3)_shell编程基础

shell脚本编程入门教程(3): 发布时间：2020-10-17编辑：脚本学堂

本节是shell脚本编程入门教程的第二节，介绍下linux进程的管理，磁盘信息统计，CPU、内存等命令的用法，需要的朋友参考下。

本节为大家介绍linux进程管理，磁盘信息统计，CPU与内存管理等命令的用法。

linux系统运行情况，可以直接反映服务器运行的信息，cpu负载，内存占用，磁盘等，所以掌握这些命令，有助于更快更专业管理linux系统。

1），ps命令，探查系统进程。

复制代码代码示例:

[search@h1 ~]$ ps  

  PID TTY          TIME CMD  

17847 pts/0    00:00:00 bash  

17977 pts/0    00:00:00 ps  

[search@h1 ~]$

默认情况下，ps命令不会显示太多的信息，只显示了pid进程号，和它运行在那个终端TTY，以及进程已用的CPU时间，和它执行的命令。

那么，通常在实际开发中，通常会用ps -efl 命令，里显示更多的信息。

F S UID        PID PPID C PRI NI ADDR SZ WCHAN STIME TTY          TIME CMD
4 S root         1     0 0 80   0 - 4808 poll_s Aug01 ?        00:00:01 /sbin/init
1 S root         2     0 0 80   0 -     0 kthrea Aug01 ?        00:00:00 [kthreadd]
1 S root         3     2 0 -40   - -     0 migrat Aug01 ?        00:00:00 [migration/0]
1 S root         4     2 0 80   0 -     0 ksofti Aug01 ?        00:00:00 [ksoftirqd/0]
1 S root         5     2 0 -40   - -     0 cpu_st Aug01 ?        00:00:00 [migration/0]
5 S root         6     2 0 -40   - -     0 watchd Aug01 ?        00:00:00 [watchdog/0]
1 S root         7     2 0 80   0 -     0 worker Aug01 ?        00:00:15 [events/0]
1 S root         8     2 0 80   0 -     0 worker Aug01 ?        00:00:00 [cgroup]
1 S root         9     2 0 80   0 -     0 worker Aug01 ?        00:00:00 [khelper]
1 S root        10     2 0 80   0 -     0 worker Aug01 ?        00:00:00 [netns]
1 S root        11     2 0 80   0 -     0 async_ Aug01 ?        00:00:00 [async/mgr]
1 S root        12     2 0 80   0 -     0 worker Aug01 ?        00:00:00 [pm]
1 S root        13     2 0 80   0 -     0 bdi_sy Aug01 ?        00:00:00 [sync_supers]
1 S root        14     2 0 80   0 -     0 bdi_fo Aug01 ?        00:00:00 [bdi-default]
1 S root        15     2 0 80   0 -     0 worker Aug01 ?        00:00:00 [kintegrityd/0]
1 S root        16     2 0 80   0 -     0 worker Aug01 ?        00:00:00 [kblockd/0]
1 S root        17     2 0 80   0 -     0 worker Aug01 ?        00:00:00 [kacpid]
1 S root        18     2 0 80   0 -     0 worker Aug01 ?        00:00:00 [kacpi_notify]
1 S root        19     2 0 80   0 -     0 worker Aug01 ?        00:00:00 [kacpi_hotplug]
1 S root        20     2 0 80   0 -     0 worker Aug01 ?        00:00:00 [ata_aux]
1 S root        21     2 0 80   0 -     0 worker Aug01 ?        00:00:00 [ata_sff/0]
1 S root        22     2 0 80   0 -     0 worker Aug01 ?        00:00:00 [ksuspend_usbd]
5 S root        23     2 0 80   0 -     0 hub_th Aug01 ?        00:00:00 [khubd]
5 S root        24     2 0 80   0 -     0 serio_ Aug01 ?        00:00:00 [kseriod]
1 S root        25     2 0 80   0 -     0 worker Aug01 ?        00:00:00 [md/0]
1 S root        26     2 0 80   0 -     0 worker Aug01 ?        00:00:00 [md_misc/0]
1 S root        27     2 0 80   0 -     0 worker Aug01 ?        00:00:00 [linkwatch]
1 S root        28     2 0 80   0 -     0 watchd Aug01 ?        00:00:00 [khungtaskd]
1 S root        29     2 0 80   0 -     0 kswapd Aug01 ?        00:00:00 [kswapd0]
1 S root        30     2 0 85   5 -     0 ksm_sc Aug01 ?        00:00:00 [ksmd]
1 S root        31     2 0 99 19 -     0 khugep Aug01 ?        00:00:00 [khugepaged]
1 S root        32     2 0 80   0 -     0 worker Aug01 ?        00:00:00 [aio/0]
1 S root        33     2 0 80   0 -     0 worker Aug01 ?        00:00:00 [crypto/0]
1 S root        38     2 0 80   0 -     0 worker Aug01 ?        00:00:00 [kthrotld/0]
1 S root        39     2 0 80   0 -     0 worker Aug01 ?        00:00:00 [pciehpd]
1 S root        41     2 0 80   0 -     0 worker Aug01 ?        00:00:00 [kpsmoused]
1 S root        42     2 0 80   0 -     0 worker Aug01 ?        00:00:00 [usbhid_resumer]
1 S root        73     2 0 80   0 -     0 worker Aug01 ?        00:00:00 [kstriped]
1 S root       145     2 0 80   0 -     0 scsi_e Aug01 ?        00:00:00 [scsi_eh_0]
1 S root       146     2 0 80   0 -     0 scsi_e Aug01 ?        00:00:00 [scsi_eh_1]
1 S root       153     2 0 80   0 -     0 worker Aug01 ?        00:00:00 [mpt_poll_0]
1 S root       154     2 0 80   0 -     0 worker Aug01 ?        00:00:00 [mpt/0]
1 S root       155     2 0 80   0 -     0 scsi_e Aug01 ?        00:00:00 [scsi_eh_2]
1 S root       295     2 0 80   0 -     0 worker Aug01 ?        00:00:00 [kdmflush]
1 S root       297     2 0 80   0 -     0 worker Aug01 ?        00:00:00 [kdmflush]
1 S root       314     2 0 80   0 -     0 kjourn Aug01 ?        00:00:00 [jbd2/dm-0-8]
1 S root       315     2 0 80   0 -     0 worker Aug01 ?        00:00:00 [ext4-dio-unwrit]
5 S root       389     1 0 76 -4 - 2769 poll_s Aug01 ?        00:00:00 /sbin/udevd -d
1 S root       408     2 0 80   0 -     0 bdi_wr Aug01 ?        00:00:00 [flush-253:0]
1 S root       602     2 0 80   0 -     0 worker Aug01 ?        00:00:00 [vmmemctl]
1 S root       721     2 0 80   0 -     0 kjourn Aug01 ?        00:00:00 [jbd2/sda1-8]
1 S root       722     2 0 80   0 -     0 worker Aug01 ?        00:00:00 [ext4-dio-unwrit]
1 S root       765     2 0 80   0 -     0 kaudit Aug01 ?        00:00:00 [kauditd]
1 S root       904     1 0 80   0 - 2280 poll_s Aug01 ?        00:00:00 /sbin/dhclient -1 -q -lf /var/lib/dhclient/dhclient-eth0.leases -pf /var/run/dhclient-eth0.pid eth0
5 S root       941     1 0 80   0 - 62799 poll_s Aug01 ?        00:00:00 /sbin/rsyslogd -i /var/run/syslogd.pid -c 5
5 S root       983     1 0 80   0 - 16651 poll_s Aug01 ?        00:00:00 /usr/sbin/sshd
4 S root      1077     1 0 80   0 - 20318 ep_pol Aug01 ?        00:00:00 /usr/libexec/postfix/master
1 S root      1091     1 0 80   0 - 29323 hrtime Aug01 ?        00:00:00 crond
4 S postfix   1102 1077 0 80   0 - 20380 ep_pol Aug01 ?        00:00:00 qmgr -l -t fifo -u
4 S root      1109     1 0 80   0 - 1016 n_tty_ Aug01 tty1     00:00:00 /sbin/mingetty /dev/tty1
4 S root      1111     1 0 80   0 - 1016 n_tty_ Aug01 tty2     00:00:00 /sbin/mingetty /dev/tty2
4 S root      1113     1 0 80   0 - 1016 n_tty_ Aug01 tty3     00:00:00 /sbin/mingetty /dev/tty3
4 S root      1115     1 0 80   0 - 1016 n_tty_ Aug01 tty4     00:00:00 /sbin/mingetty /dev/tty4
4 S root      1118     1 0 80   0 - 1016 n_tty_ Aug01 tty5     00:00:00 /sbin/mingetty /dev/tty5
4 S root      1122     1 0 80   0 - 1016 n_tty_ Aug01 tty6     00:00:00 /sbin/mingetty /dev/tty6
5 S root      1127   389 0 78 -2 - 2768 poll_s Aug01 ?        00:00:00 /sbin/udevd -d
5 S root      1128   389 0 78 -2 - 2768 poll_s Aug01 ?        00:00:00 /sbin/udevd -d
4 S root     17790   983 0 80   0 - 25099 poll_s 04:01 ?        00:00:00 sshd: root@pts/0
4 S root     17795 17790 0 80   0 - 27104 wait   04:01 pts/0    00:00:00 -bash
4 S root     17846 17795 0 80   0 - 36358 wait   04:14 pts/0    00:00:00 su - search
4 S search   17847 17846 0 80   0 - 27107 wait   04:14 pts/0    00:00:00 -bash
4 S postfix 17972 1077 0 80   0 - 20338 ep_pol 04:29 ?        00:00:00 pickup -l -t fifo -u
0 R search   17979 17847 0 80   0 - 27558 -      04:44 pts/0    00:00:00 ps -efl

[search@h1 ~]$
-e参数主要显示所有的进程，
-f参数主要显示完整的格式输出
-l参数，出先额外的进程标记，优先级等等

下面介绍一下，这几列分别代表的意思

UID，代表启动这些进程的用户
PID，进程的进程号
PPID，父进程的进程号，代表该进程，是由它的父进程启动的
C,j进程生命周期中的CPU利用率
STIME，进程启动的系统时间
TTY，进程启动时的终端设备
TIME，运行进程需要的累计的CPU的时间
CMD，启动的程序名称
F，内核分配给进程的系统标记
S，进程的状态，0代表运行，S代表正在休眠，R代表可运行，等待运行，Z代表僵尸进程
PRI，进程的优先级，越大的数字优先级越低
NI，谦让度值，用来参与优先级
ADDR，进程的内存地址
SZ，假如进程被唤出，需要的交换空间的大小
WCHAN，进程休眠的内核函数的地址

ps -efH参数，可以以树状的方式，显示进程信息，我们可以很轻松的看到那些进程启动了那些进程。

root       721     2 0 Aug01 ?        00:00:00   [jbd2/sda1-8]
root       722     2 0 Aug01 ?        00:00:00   [ext4-dio-unwrit]
root       765     2 0 Aug01 ?        00:00:00   [kauditd]
root         1     0 0 Aug01 ?        00:00:01 /sbin/init
root       389     1 0 Aug01 ?        00:00:00   /sbin/udevd -d
root      1127   389 0 Aug01 ?        00:00:00     /sbin/udevd -d
root      1128   389 0 Aug01 ?        00:00:00     /sbin/udevd -d
root       904     1 0 Aug01 ?        00:00:00   /sbin/dhclient -1 -q -lf /var/lib/dhclient/dhclient-eth0.leases -pf /var/run/dhclient-eth0.pid eth0
root       941     1 0 Aug01 ?        00:00:00   /sbin/rsyslogd -i /var/run/syslogd.pid -c 5
root       983     1 0 Aug01 ?        00:00:00   /usr/sbin/sshd
root     17790   983 0 04:01 ?        00:00:00     sshd: root@pts/0
root     17795 17790 0 04:01 pts/0    00:00:00       -bash
root     17846 17795 0 04:14 pts/0    00:00:00         su - search
search   17847 17846 0 04:14 pts/0    00:00:00           -bash
search   17984 17847 0 04:51 pts/0    00:00:00             ps -efH
root      1077     1 0 Aug01 ?        00:00:00   /usr/libexec/postfix/master
postfix   1102 1077 0 Aug01 ?        00:00:00     qmgr -l -t fifo -u
postfix 17972 1077 0 04:29 ?        00:00:00     pickup -l -t fifo -u
root      1091     1 0 Aug01 ?        00:00:00   crond
root      1109     1 0 Aug01 tty1     00:00:00   /sbin/mingetty /dev/tty1
root      1111     1 0 Aug01 tty2     00:00:00   /sbin/mingetty /dev/tty2
root      1113     1 0 Aug01 tty3     00:00:00   /sbin/mingetty /dev/tty3
root      1115     1 0 Aug01 tty4     00:00:00   /sbin/mingetty /dev/tty4
root      1118     1 0 Aug01 tty5     00:00:00   /sbin/mingetty /dev/tty5
root      1122

相关阅读：

2）实时监测进程信息，top命令

复制代码代码示例:

[search@h1 ~]$ top  

top - 04:52:35 up  5:23,  1 user,  load average: 0.00, 0.00, 0.00  

Tasks:  73 total,   1 running,  72 sleeping,   0 stopped,   0 zombie  

Cpu(s):  0.3%us,  0.0%sy,  0.0%ni, 99.7%id,  0.0%wa,  0.0%hi,  0.0%si,  0.0%st  

Mem:   2913304k total,   183724k used,  2729580k free,    27532k buffers  

Swap:  2031608k total,        0k used,  2031608k free,    64120k cached  

  PID USER      PR  NI  VIRT  RES  SHR S %CPU %MEM    TIME+  COMMAND                                                                                                              

    7 root      20   0     0    0    0 S  0.3  0.0   0:15.84 events/0                                                                                                             

    1 root      20   0 19232 1488 1220 S  0.0  0.1   0:01.06 init                                                                                                                 

    2 root      20   0     0    0    0 S  0.0  0.0   0:00.00 kthreadd                                                                                                             

    3 root      RT   0     0    0    0 S  0.0  0.0   0:00.00 migration/0                                                                                                          

    4 root      20   0     0    0    0 S  0.0  0.0   0:00.02 ksoftirqd/0                                                                                                          

    5 root      RT   0     0    0    0 S  0.0  0.0   0:00.00 migration/0                                                                                                          

    6 root      RT   0     0    0    0 S  0.0  0.0   0:00.07 watchdog/0                                                                                                           

    8 root      20   0     0    0    0 S  0.0  0.0   0:00.00 cgroup                                                                                                               

    9 root      20   0     0    0    0 S  0.0  0.0   0:00.00 khelper                                                                                                              

   10 root      20   0     0    0    0 S  0.0  0.0   0:00.00 netns                                                                                                                

   11 root      20   0     0    0    0 S  0.0  0.0   0:00.00 async/mgr                                                                                                            

   12 root      20   0     0    0    0 S  0.0  0.0   0:00.00 pm                                                                                                                   

   13 root      20   0     0    0    0 S  0.0  0.0   0:00.47 sync_supers                                                                                                          

   14 root      20   0     0    0    0 S  0.0  0.0   0:00.15 bdi-default                                                                                                          

   15 root      20   0     0    0    0 S  0.0  0.0   0:00.00 kintegrityd/0                                                                                                        

   16 root      20   0     0    0    0 S  0.0  0.0   0:00.20 kblockd/0                                                                                                            

   17 root      20   0     0    0    0 S  0.0  0.0   0:00.00 kacpid                                                                                                               

   18 root      20   0     0    0    0 S  0.0  0.0   0:00.00 kacpi_notify                                                                                                         

   19 root      20   0     0    0    0 S  0.0  0.0   0:00.00 kacpi_hotplug                                                                                                        

   20 root      20   0     0    0    0 S  0.0  0.0   0:00.00 ata_aux                                                                                                              

   21 root      20   0     0    0    0 S  0.0  0.0   0:00.00 ata_sff/0                                                                                                            

   22 root      20   0     0    0    0 S  0.0  0.0   0:00.00 ksuspend_usbd                                                                                                        

   23 root      20   0     0    0    0 S  0.0  0.0   0:00.00 khubd                                                                                                                

   24 root      20   0     0    0    0 S  0.0  0.0   0:00.01 kseriod                                                                                                              

   25 root      20   0     0    0    0 S  0.0  0.0   0:00.00 md/0                                                                                                                 

   26 root      20   0     0    0    0 S  0.0  0.0   0:00.00 md_misc/0                                                                                                            

   27 root      20   0     0    0    0 S  0.0  0.0   0:00.00 linkwatch                                                                                                            

   28 root      20   0     0    0    0 S  0.0  0.0   0:00.00 khungtaskd                                                                                                           

   29 root      20   0     0    0    0 S  0.0  0.0   0:00.00 kswapd0                                                                                                              

   30 root      25   5     0    0    0 S  0.0  0.0   0:00.00 ksmd                                                                                                                 

   31 root      39  19     0    0    0 S  0.0  0.0   0:00.08 khugepaged                                                                                                           

   32 root      20   0     0    0    0 S  0.0  0.0   0:00.00 aio/0

平均负载，有3个值，最近1分钟，最近5分钟，和最近15分钟的，值越大，负载越高，但如果15分钟，负载都很高，说明系统可能出现问题了。
在输出中，第一行显示了当前时间，系统的运行时间，登入的用户数，和系统的平均负载。（www.jb200.com 脚本学堂整理）
第二行显示了，概要的进程信息，top中输出的进程叫task，显示了多少个进程处于运行，休眠，停止，或僵尸进程（进程完成了，但父进程没响应）
第三行显示了CPU信息，显示了进程的状态，运行，空间，等待等
第四行显示了系统的内存信息，总共内存，用了多少，多少空闲。
第五行显示了交换区内存的使用情况。

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